Drivers of migration: Those from North-East African countries primarily cited political reasons, violence and conflict as main drivers for their movement and their intent to seek international protection. In contrast, those from West Africa primarily reported family tensions and inter-personal difficulties as the reason for leaving their countries of origin. Minors say they travelled alone rather than with family members because they faced imminent threats and harassment; because their families couldn’t afford to send more than one person; or because as orphans, they had to fend for themselves.

Journey to Libya: Family members often provided financial support for the journey. Migrants, asylum seekers and refugees often faced new demands for cash as well as violence from smugglers and tribes en route. Women faced the danger of sexual violence. Smugglers who sought to extort more money held many on arrival in Libya. Once free, they found day-to-day life hazardous given the ever-present threat of violence and extortion from Libyan civilian gangs.

Circumstances of detention: The reason for arrest was usually stated to be ‘illegal’ entry or lack of papers, and was typically accompanied by violence. None were informed of their rights or had access to a lawyer. They were only allowed to call families and friends to ask for money to be released. They were not able to apply for asylum and none were offered support to return home. Most migrants and refugees stayed in detention for a number of months.

Conditions in detention: Conditions were frequently described as deplorable. While men and women were usually kept separately, unaccompanied boys were often detained with unknown adult males. Beatings and violence were commonplace and sexual violence by guards an on-going risk for female detainees. Food was usually inadequate. Sanitation conditions were deplorable. Most reported sleeping in crowded cells without bedding or mattresses. Outdoor access was restricted except in situations where detainees were taken out to do unpaid work for detention centre staff or outside employers. Medical treatment was usually lacking.

Life after detention: Interviewees were able to leave detention either by paying hefty bribes, by escaping or simply by being let go at the will of the guards. Sometimes locals came and secured the release of detainees in exchange for unpaid labour. Migrants and refugees remained vulnerable to re-detention after release. Once in Europe, their fate varies. Those who have an unresolved immigration status face an uncertain and difficult future. Children and young people are at risk of being exploited by organized criminal gangs operating in Europe. Those in receipt of some form of protected status were found to be getting on with their lives, acquiring an education, language skills and work, in an effort to make new futures. Some ex-detainees continue to bear the physical and psychological scars of their arduous experiences.